The problems associated with extraction of finite fossil resources to produce energy and materials are substantial. Presently, trillions of dollars per year of high carbon footprint plastics are produced for fashion, accessories, footwear, automobile interiors, et cetera for about 1/5th of the world's population that can afford luxuries such as a new car or couch. Comprehensive definitions for 'sustainable' footwear or 'circular' fashion have not been agreed upon. Moreover, data sets to measure the impacts of plastics are noticeably lacking and, as a result, the true cost of plastics to the environment and societies is not acknowledged. Add to this that unit economics, chemistry, product design, and logistics conspire to severely limit that amount of plastic recycled globally. Meanwhile, plastics pollute the environment in a number of ways including microfiber from washing 100's of billions of pounds of plastic clothing. In contrast, nature – and, in particular, photosynthesis – is the most abundant, versatile, sustainable, and 'circular' production system in the known universe. Plants are amazingly diverse and grow in nearly every part of the biosphere. Using solar power, nature upcycles, downcycles, and recycles nutrients into complex materials that are interchangeable and that are balanced across orders of magnitude of scale and multiple dimensions (e.g., space and time). We will explore examples of how complex natural composites, produced from abundant natural 'waste', can be the genesis for a comprehensively sustainable and circular materials economy. In particular, we describe materials that use biomass 'as is' and/or with minimal derivatization so that natural structural motifs are retained to enhance performance while eliminating waste, dramatically lowering carbon footprints, and providing new options for recycling.
The fashion and textile industries are currently responsible for significant impacts upon planet and people. In fact, 65 percent of the global textile market is now made of synthetics like polyester and polyurethane. These synthetic materials are plastics made from fossil fuels and treated with hazardous chemistries. Plastic is the petroleum industry's plan B. As renewables weaken fossil fuel's grip on the energy market, plastic demand is projected to nearly double in G20 nations by 2050. By 2050, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from plastic production and consumption are estimated at 56 gigatons, ~10-13% of the world's remaining carbon budget. However, fashion can and should be part of the solution, representing a powerful force for positive change by following regenerative design principles and a circular systems approach.